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(Introduction
TheVirtualRealityModelingLanguage(VRML)isalanguagefordescribingmulti-
participantinteractivesimulations--virtualworldsnetworkedviatheglobalInternetand
hyperlinkedwiththeWorldWideWeb.Allaspectsofvirtualworlddisplay,interaction
andinternetworkingcanbespecifiedusingVRML.Itistheintentionofitsdesignersthat
VRMLbecomethestandardlanguageforinteractivesimulationwithintheWorldWide
Web.
ThefirstversionofVRMLallowsforthecreationofvirtualworldswithlimited
interactivebehavior.Theseworldscancontainobjectswhichhavehyperlinkstoother
worlds,HTMLdocumentsorothervalidMIMEtypes.Whentheuserselectsanobject
withahyperlink,theappropriateMIMEviewerislaunched.Whentheuserselectsalink
toaVRMLdocumentfromwithinacorrectlyconfiguredWWWbrowser,aVRML
viewerislaunched.ThusVRMLviewersaretheperfectcompanionapplicationsto
standardWWWbrowsersfornavigatingandvisualizingtheWeb.Futureversionsof
VRMLwillallowforricherbehaviors,includinganimations,motionphysicsandreal-
timemulti-userinteraction.
ThisdocumentspecifiesthefeaturesandsyntaxofVersion1.0ofVRML.¾qHÀn 

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(VRMLMissionStatement
ThehistoryofthedevelopmentoftheInternethashadthreedistinctphases;first,the
developmentoftheTCP/IPinfrastructurewhichalloweddocumentsanddatatobestored
inaproximallyindependentway;thatis,Internetprovidedalayerofabstractionbetween
datasetsandthehostswhichmanipulatedthem.Whilethisabstractionwasuseful,itwas
alsoconfusing;withoutanyclearsenseof"whatwentwhere",accesstoInternetwas
restrictedtotheclassofsysops/netsurferswhocouldmaintaininternalcognitivemapsof
thedataspace.
Next,TimBerners-Lee'sworkatCERN,wherehedevelopedthehypermediasystem
knownasWorldWideWeb,addedanotherlayerofabstractiontotheexistingstructure.
Thisabstractionprovidedan"addressing"scheme,auniqueidentifier(theUniversal
ResourceLocator),whichcouldtellanyone"wheretogoandhowtogetthere"forany
pieceofdatawithintheWeb.Whileuseful,itlackeddimensionality;there'snothere
therewithintheweb,andtheonlytypeofnavigationpermissible(otherthansurfing)is
bydirectreference.Inotherwords,IcanonlytellyouhowtogettotheVRMLForum
homepagebysaying,"http://www.wired.com/",whichisnothuman-centereddata.In

APPROVED
fact,Ineedtomakeanefforttorememberitatall.So,whiletheWorldWideWeb
providesaretrievalmechanismtocomplementtheexistingstoragemechanism,itleaves
alottobedesired,particularlyforhumanbeings.
Finally,wemoveto"perceptualized"Internetworks,wherethedatahasbeensensualized,
thatis,renderedsensually.Ifsomethingisrepresentedsensually,itispossibletomake
senseofit.VRMLisanattempt(howsuccessful,onlytimeandeffortwilltell)toplace
humansatthecenteroftheInternet,orderingitsuniversetoourwhims.Inordertodo
that,themostimportantsingleelementisastandardthatdefinestheparticularitiesof
perception.VirtualRealityModelingLanguageisthatstandard,designedtobea
universaldescriptionlanguageformulti-participantsimulations.
Thesethreephases,storage,retrieval,andperceptualizationareanalogoustothehuman
processofconsciousness,asexpressedintermsofsemanticsandcognitivescience.
Eventsoccurandarerecorded(memory);inferencesaredrawnfrommemory
(associations),andfromsetsofrelatedevents,mapsoftheuniversearecreated(cognitive
perception).Whatisimportanttorememberisthatthemapisnottheterritory,andwe
shouldavoidbecomingtrappedinanysinglerepresentationorworld-view.Althoughwe
needtodesigntoavoiddisorientation,weshouldalwayspushtheenvelopeinthekinds
ofexperiencewecanbringintomanifestation!
Thisdocumentisthelivingproofofthesuccessofaprocessthatwascommittedtobeing
openandflexible,responsivetotheneedsofagrowingWebcommunity.Ratherthanre-
inventthewheel,wehaveadaptedanexistingspecification(OpenInventor)asthebasis
fromwhichourownworkcangrow,savingyearsofdesignworkandperhapsmany
mistakes.Nowourrealworkcanbegin;thatofrenderingournoosphericspace.¾qHÀn 

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(History
VRMLwasconceivedinthespringof1994atthefirstannualWorldWideWeb
ConferenceinGeneva,Switzerland.TimBerners-LeeandDaveRaggettorganizeda
Birds-of-a-Feather(BOF)sessiontodiscussVirtualRealityinterfacestotheWorldWide
Web.SeveralBOFattendeesdescribedprojectsalreadyunderwaytobuildthree
dimensionalgraphicalvisualizationtoolswhichinteroperatewiththeWeb.Attendees
agreedontheneedforthesetoolstohaveacommonlanguageforspecifying3Dscene
descriptionandWWWhyperlinks--ananalogofHTMLforvirtualreality.Theterm
VirtualRealityMarkupLanguage(VRML)wascoined,andthegroupresolvedtobegin
specificationworkaftertheconference.Theword'Markup'waslaterchangedto
'Modeling'toreflectthegraphicalnatureofVRML.

APPROVED
ShortlyaftertheGenevaBOFsession,thewww-vrmlmailinglistwascreatedtodiscuss
thedevelopmentofaspecificationforthefirstversionofVRML.Theresponsetothelist
invitationwasoverwhelming:withinaweek,therewereoverathousandmembers.After
aninitialsettling-inperiod,listmoderatorMarkPesceofLabyrinthGroupannouncedhis
intentiontohaveadraftversionofthespecificationreadybytheWWWFall1994
conference,amerefivemonthsaway.Therewasgeneralagreementonthelistthat,while
thisschedulewasaggressive,itwasachievableprovidedthattherequirementsforthe
firstversionwerenottooambitiousandthatVRMLcouldbeadaptedfromanexisting
solution.Thelistquicklyagreeduponasetofrequirementsforthefirstversion,and
beganasearchfortechnologieswhichcouldbeadaptedtofittheneedsofVRML.
Thesearchforexistingtechnologiesturnedupaseveralworthwhilecandidates.After
muchdeliberationthelistcametoaconsensus:theOpenInventorASCIIFileFormat
fromSiliconGraphics,Inc.TheInventorFileFormatsupportscompletedescriptionsof
3Dsceneswithpolygonallyrenderedobjects,lighting,materials,ambientpropertiesand
realismeffects.AsubsetoftheInventorFileFormat,withextensionstosupport
networking,formsthebasisofVRML.GavinBellofSiliconGraphicshasadaptedthe
InventorFileFormatforVRML,withdesigninputfromthemailinglist.SGIhaspublicly
statedthatthefileformatisavailableforuseintheopenmarket,andhavecontributeda
fileformatparserintothepublicdomaintobootstrapVRMLviewerdevelopment.

APPROVED
AGraphicalRepresentationofInverseVRMLUptake
Changethenumberinredbelowtoadjustfordownloadrateand/orbandwidth.
1Thenumber1representsanengineerwithan"average"cube*

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